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Can Pac-Man Save Pac-Avoid? Protecting the Look and Feel of Mobile Games.

"How do I protect my game" is a common question asked by indie game developers.  One solution is though copyright law.  Copyright, for example, may protect against copying of code or characters.

As games move from graphic-intensive productions (Modern Warfare) and back to simplistic productions (maze games, platformers) I believe the question of "can I protect the look and feel of my game?" will arise frequently.  It is easier to copy Pac-Man than Modern Warfare.  

Recently, King.com's "Scamperghost" was accused of copying the look and feel of an indie game called "Pac-Avoid."  Read about it here.  Once again, questions are raised about the scope of copyright protection.

Copyright 101

Copyright protects original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression.  A work of authorship is the expression of an idea and not the idea itself.

In the video game context, copyright protects such things as code, visual elements (design, characters, graphics), audio, written elements and the work as a whole.  Copyright does not protect the idea behind a game.

But what about protecting the look and feel of a game?

Look and Feel*

To prove copyright infringement, one must prove copying of the protected work.  Copying may be inferred where the alleged infringer had:

(1) access to the game and;

(2) where the copy is substantially similar to the original.

Substantial similarity is tested though the response of an ordinary observer and whether the observer believes that the copy captures the look and feel of the original.

Pac-Man vs K.C. Munchkin*

Since the design of many mobile games harkens back to early video games, it makes sense to look at copyright infringement cases involving those original video games.  In 1982, Atari (the creators of Pac-Man) sued the creators of a game called "K.C. Munchkin" alleging that Munchkin violated Atari's copyright in Pac-Man.

In analyzing copyright infringement, the court applied the look and feel test.  I will let you, the ordinary observer, determine whether there is substantial similarity in the look and feel of the copyrighted elements of Pac-Man (recall: characters, graphical elements etc. are copyrightable, not the idea):

Ultimately, the court concluded that Munchkin:

"adopted the same basic characters but also portrayed them in a manner that made Munchkin appear substantially similar to Pac-Man.  The K. C. Munchkin gobbler has several blatantly similar features, including the relative size and shape of the “body,” the V-shaped “mouth,” its distinctive gobbling action (with appropriate sounds), and especially the way in which it disappears upon being captured. An examination of the K. C. Munchkin ghost monsters reveals even more significant visual similarities.  In size, shape, and manner of movement, they are virtually identical to their Pac-Man counterparts. K. C. Munchkin’s monsters, for example, exhibit the same peculiar “eye” and “leg” movement. Both games, moreover, express the role reversal and “regeneration” process with such great similarity that an ordinary observer could conclude only that [Munchkin] copied plaintiffs’ Pac-Man."

From Pac-Man to Pac-Avoid

The recent allegations concerning King.com and Pac-Avoid prompt comparisons to Atari's Pac-Man case (putting aside Pac-Avoid's similarities to Pac-Man!).  Apply the substantial similarity test to determine whether the left, King.com, game has the same look and feel as Pac-Avoid:

The King.com case highlights the risks involved with game development - that the relative simplicity of some games allows for easy copying.  Nonetheless, the Pac-Man case hints at potential legal recourse for games that are copied in look and feel by relying on the copyrightable components of a game, such as the characters.

For game designers, the solution may lie in creating distinct characters and graphic elements in the game.  Through such distinctiveness, a game developer may be able to prove copyright infringement where another game has the same look and feel.  The greater the distinctiveness, the greater the potential copyright protection.

*  This analysis involves U.S. legal principles only.

This blog post is intended for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or an opinion on any issue.  Please contact Voyer Law Corporation if you would like details or advice on a particular situation.

Lessons in Employee Social Media Accounts

Twitter, Facebook, and other social media accounts are rapidly becoming an important part of business online identity. Through these accounts a business can advertise for free, engage prospective clients, and communicate with customers. However, as two recent cases stress, businesses need to understand the implications of employees creating and using social media accounts for the benefit of the business.

Maremont v Susan Fredman Design Group involves an employee bringing personal social media accounts to a business. Maremont was hired by Fredman to direct its marketing, public relations and ecommerce. In this capacity Maremont used her personal Facebook and Twitter accounts to promote Fredman’s business in addition to developing Facebook and Twitter accounts specific to Fredman (see note at end of post.) When Maremont was severely injured in a car crash, Fredman accessed her personal Facebook and Twitter accounts and continued to use them to promote their business. As a result of this use, Maremont claimed violation of the Lanham Act (false association under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Illinois’s Right of Publicity Act, and common law right of privacy.

While Fredman remains at the pre-trial phase, a number of lessons may still be derived from it:

First, employers cannot intentionally access an employee’s personal social media accounts without authorization (even when that employee is to use those accounts as part of their employment.) Further, the employer should receive authorization to use those accounts and the extent of that authorization should be clearly laid out on paper. Doing this may help an employer avoid liability under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act.

Second, when an employee brings their personal social media accounts to a business the personal nature of those accounts, in many cases, does not change even though the accounts may be used to promote their employer’s business. Use of those accounts by an employer beyond authorization may constitute a false association of the business with the employee (Lanham) or violate state specific publicity statutes or common law privacy rights.

PhoneDog v. Kravitz involves an employee creating social media accounts on behalf of the employer. Noah Kravitz was employed by PhoneDog to promote the company through social media and was required to create the Twitter account @PhoneDog__Noah. When Kravitz left PhoneDog he changed the name of the Twitter account to @noahkravitz and continued to use the account for work and personal matters. PhoneDog sued Kravitz on the basis that the password to the Twitter account was confidential information, leading to a number of related claims.

PhoneDog is a closely watched case with potential ramifications on Twitter account ownership. However, to me, PhoneDog presents one simple lesson: the employer should create the social media account and the password for the employee. The password should be immediately changed when the employee leaves the company. If Phonedog had followed these simple steps this case would not exist.

Note: the complaint and various motions submitted in Fredman appear to indicate that Maremont used her personal accounts to promote Fredman in that her "Tweets and Posts relate to her work in a commercial context, namely, as a professional interior designer and employee of SFDG." Even if this were not the case, the lessons remain valuable.

“Great Scott!” - Balancing Brand Protection and Negative Consumer Perception in Trademark Policing Strategy

I have noticed a growing number of negative consumer responses to otherwise standard trademark policing actions, primarily cease and desist letters. In the past, consumers had little knowledge of trademark policing and it did not impact their perception of the brand aiming to protect its mark. Today, the Internet has developed tight-knit communities of like-minded consumers who are constantly informed of news relevant to their interests – including policing actions. As a result, attempts to protect a brand now have the potential to generate negative consumer perception of the brand and may require a trademark policing strategy that considers consumer perception.

At the outset, I stress that trademarks must be policed and policing strategies cannot be usurped by a mere possibility of negative consumer perception. Ownership of a mark entails an obligation to protect the goodwill and the public from deceit. Further, a failure to police entails a slew of possible negative outcomes including genericism and permitting the affirmative defenses of laches and acquiescence (see Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Du Bois Brewing Co., 175 F.2d 370 (1949.)) Thus, in many factual scenarios it remains necessary to take policing action and disregard negative consumer perception.

In scenarios where trademark infringement is not clear, I believe that counsel should factor negative consumer perception into the decision to undertake policing action. I see two questions determining whether negative consumer perception will result from a policing action:

1. Size of market and consumer knowledge?

a. The potential for negative consumer perception is greater in a small market with informed consumers.

       2. Size of enforcing party relative to allegedly infringing party?

a. The potential for negative consumer perception is greater in a David versus Goliath scenario.

The case of Scott Sport’s cease and desist letter sent to ON3P Skis illustrates the negative impact a questionable trademark policing action can have on brand perception.

Scott Sports is a large corporation that produces a variety of outdoor goods including skis, goggles, bicycles, clothing and more. ON3P Skis is an extremely small ski company that produces a small number of hand-built skis for the limited market of die hard skiers.

Scott Sports holds the trademark for “Scott” on skis. ON3P decided to produce a ski called the “Great Scott” that did not include any lettering on the ski referencing this name. The name had multiple origins: the name of one of ON3P’s owners, a common phrase, and the catchline of Christopher Loyd’s character, Dr. Emmett Brown, in the “Back to the Future” movie series. Scott sent ON3P a cease and desist letter and ON3P reluctantly complied, renaming the ski the “Cease and Desist.” I think Scott’s claim of trademark infringement was suspect, although it “won” anyway. But did Scott protect its brand through its conduct?

At the time Scott was attempting to expand its high-end ski division by hiring high-profile athletes to use its products and by producing skis appealing to the die hard skier. The die hard ski community is a small market and word quickly spread about the cease and desist order. The market Scott wanted to expand into was angered, to say the least, resulting in furious emails and pages of online hate expressed toward the brand. Scott did not need to protect its brand in this case. Scott accomplished “protection” of its brand but did so at the expense of its brand among the consumers it was actively trying to reach.

It is impossible to determine the actual impact Scott’s conduct had on its sales within the die hard skier market. Regardless, a company should avoid angering those consumers it is trying to reach. These consumers may forget Scott’s conduct over time but the Internet never forgets.

While policing trademarks is necessary, not all policing action is necessary. Companies should consider the impact questionable policing actions might have on their brand, balancing protection and consumer perception.